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4 Types of Cancer That May Be Hereditary
April 30, 2025
Most cancers aren’t inherited — but some people carry genetic mutations passed down from a parent that can significantly raise their risk.
“While some cancers are driven by hereditary mutations, most cancers are not,” says John Neary, MS, CGC, a licensed genetic counselor with Hartford HealthCare’s Katherine A. King Rudolph Cancer Genetics Program.
Cancer risk is shaped by a mix of genetics, lifestyle, environment and random chance. But some cancers have a stronger genetic link — and Neary explains which ones to watch for.
1. Breast cancer.
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, though men can develop it, too. It often starts as a lump or mass in breast tissue.
The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are key players in breast cancer risk, and there are around13 genes linked to hereditary breast cancer risk.
“When these genes function properly, they help protect against breast cancer,” says Neary. “But when they don’t, the risk increases. Genetic testing helps identify at-risk individuals so they can take proactive steps like increased screening or preventive care.”
Share your family cancer history with your doctor to discuss your options.
> Related: What the BRCA Gene Means for Your Cancer Risk
2. Ovarian cancer.
Ovarian cancer typically develops in the ovaries or the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus.
“Like breast cancer, ovarian cancer may be driven by nonfunctional versions of the BRCA1/2 genes, in addition to many others,” says Neary. “We now know of about 20 genes associated with ovarian cancer risk.”
If you have a family history of ovarian cancer, it’s best to discuss this with your primary care doctor or gynecologist. And don’t ignore subtle symptoms like bloating, pelvic pain, abdominal swelling or unexpected weight loss – early detection is key.
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3. Colorectal cancer.
Colorectal cancer develops in the colon or rectum, and procedures such as colonoscopies often detect it early.
“Hereditary colon cancers are sometimes driven by Lynch syndrome, a well-known cancer predisposition syndrome,” says Neary. “Currently, we know that there are five sub-types of Lynch syndrome.”
If you also have changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool or unexplained weight loss, talk to your doctor right away.
4. Prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer develops in the prostate gland and is more common in older men. Symptoms can include trouble urinating, frequent or painful urination or blood in the urine.
“Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can also increase prostate cancer risk, in addition to their role in breast and ovarian cancer development,” says Neary.
> Related: Should I Consider Genetic Testing for Cancer?
Know your risk – and take action.
If cancer runs in your family, take a closer look at your family tree to understand your genetic risk. Share this history with your doctor, who can determine if further evaluation is needed. If so, they may refer you to a cancer genetic counselor for more insight.
“We look for patterns within a family, like multiple relatives with the same cancer type, early-onset diagnoses or rare cancers to determine the chances for hereditary risk factors,” says Neary.
“At a genetics consultation, we’ll discuss available genetic testing, as well as possible early-detection and prevention strategies,” Neary adds. “Knowing your genetic risks empowers you to take control of your health!”